一些定义的指标

PDO index
which is defined as the leading principal component ofmonthly SSTAs over the North Pacific poleward of 20°N. More details on this index can be found inMantuaet al. (1997).

the quasigeostrophic refractive index(RI) is employed to understand the planetary wavepropagation, which is defined byChen and Robinson(1992)as